This was fun! マサエグさん素敵！
1. In which
three of the following words and phrases do the から/カラ parts share the same literal meaning?
からあげ
カラオケ
からて
2. In which words does the しん part mean "new"?
しんかんせん
しんぶん
I can't figure out what しんしゃ means, so I don't know one way or the other about that one.
3. What do the following words mean when they are pronounced with the high pitch accent placed on the syllable
in red in Standard Japanese?
I can't answer any of these. :/
4. Write the onomatopoeias that you can think of when hearing/seeing these words.
雨
ザーザー
雪 No idea. I'm very, very bad with onomatopoeia.
風
WHOOOOOSH
5. What are the onomatopoeias that you most actively use when speaking or wrting in Japanese?
does
じっ in じっと〜 count? Are you asking specifically about 擬音語? I really don't know many beyond a few animal sounds.
But I do know more 擬態語 (
きらきら、くるくる、ぬるぬる、など), which in English we tend to call something like "non-auditory mimetic words" even though it falls under the umbrella term 擬声語 in Japanese (which does get translated as "onomatopeia" in English, I think).
6. Write the 大和言葉 counterparts of the following Chinese loan words.
現在
いま
身体
からだ
生活
いのち？
7. What do these two sentences mean?
なんで行くの？
Why are you going?
なにで行くの？
By what mode of transportation are you going? More literally, "How are you going?"