Let's see if the manga and light novels I've read are of any help to me.
1. In which three of the following words and phrases do the から/カラ parts share the same literal meaning?
からあげ
カラオケ
からて
「キャ～、家の中からっぽ！」(Just a guess, since it's the first time I've seen this 
)
2. In which words does the しん part mean "new"?
しんかんせん
しんしゃ (新車?)
しんおおかさ (Shouldn't it be しんおおさか?)
しんぶん
3. What do the following words mean when they are pronounced with the high pitch accent placed on the syllable
in red in Standard Japanese?
きた
(North)
き
た (Here he/she/it comes)
いま
(Now)
4. Write the onomatopoeias that you can think of when hearing/seeing these words.
風
ヒュー、さらさら
5. What are the onomatopoeias that you most actively use when speaking or wrting in Japanese?
For me it's キラキラ, since I only remember a few onomatopoeias. The rest are in my notes and my user dictionary
6. Write the 大和言葉 counterparts of the following Chinese loan words.
現在
いま
身体
からだ
7. What do these two sentences mean?
なんで行くの？
(Why are you going?)
なにで行くの？
(By which mean of transport are you going?)